How intestinal dysbiosis can trigger autoimmune diseases: Keys from integrative nutrition and PNIe

The relationship between the gut and the immune system has sparked significant interest in recent years, especially within integrative and functional health. Numerous studies have discovered that an imbalance in the gut microbiome, known as dysbiosis, may be one of the key factors in the development of various autoimmune diseases. In this article, we will explore how gut dysbiosis can influence the onset of these pathologies and how integrative nutrition and PNIe can play a central role in their prevention and treatment.

What is intestinal dysbiosis?

Gut dysbiosis is an imbalance in the set of microorganisms that live in our gut, known as the microbiota. Our gut is home to trillions of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other microorganisms, forming a complex and diverse community. These "bugs" aren't there by chance; they play a crucial role in our health, aiding in digestion, the production of essential nutrients, and even regulating the immune system. When everything is in balance, these "good" bacteria keep harmful bacteria and other pathogens at bay, protecting our gut and overall health.

However, when that balance is disrupted, dysbiosis appears. And what causes this imbalance? One of the main causes is a diet poor in quality essential nutrients, especially those rich in ultra-processed foods, refined sugars, and unhealthy fats. Furthermore, prolonged use of antibiotics can also be a determining factor, since, although these medications are useful for fighting infections, they also destroy some of the beneficial bacteria in the gut. Chronic stress, so common in our daily lives, is another important factor, as it can disrupt communication between the brain and gut, affecting the microbiota. Finally, constant exposure to environmental toxins, such as pesticides or heavy metals, can also contribute to the development of dysbiosis.

The role of the gut in immune health

The gut is often called our "second brain," not only because of the number of neurons it contains, but also because of its intimate relationship with the immune system. Approximately 70% of our immune system resides in the gut, making it an essential barrier between our body and external agents. A balanced microbiota helps maintain the integrity of the intestinal mucosa, which acts as a line of defense against pathogens, toxins, and food antigens.

When dysbiosis occurs, the function of this barrier can be disrupted, allowing foreign substances to enter the bloodstream, which can trigger an inadequate immune response. This excessive or dysregulated response is one of the mechanisms that triggers autoimmune processes, where the immune system mistakenly begins to attack the body's own tissues.

The relationship between intestinal dysbiosis and autoimmune diseases.

Several scientific studies have shown that intestinal dysbiosis may play a crucial role in the development of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and multiple sclerosis, among others.

One of the main mechanisms involved is increased intestinal permeability, also known as "leaky gut." When the intestinal barrier is damaged, undigested food particles, toxins, bacteria, parasites, and viruses are allowed to enter, triggering an immune response. This process can predispose the body to develop chronic or low-grade inflammation and, eventually, autoimmune responses.

Scientific studies linking dysbiosis and autoimmune diseases

A study published in the journal Frontiers in Immunology highlights how dysbiosis can disrupt immune system homeostasis and promote autoimmune diseases through alterations in the function of key immune cells, such as regulatory T cells and B lymphocytes (Zhao et al., 2021). Another study in Nature Reviews Rheumatology points out how certain imbalances in the microbiota may be involved in the development of rheumatoid arthritis, directly affecting inflammation and autoimmunity (Scher & Abramson, 2011).

These studies highlight that the microbiome not only affects digestion but is also a key modulator of the immune system.

Keys from integrative nutrition to balance the microbiota and prevent autoimmune diseases

Integrative nutrition recognizes that there is no "one-size-fits-all" diet, but rather seeks to personalize each individual's diet based on their needs. However, it always starts with the so-called "anti-inflammatory diet," which is based on "real," fresh, and natural foods, avoiding processed and refined products as much as possible. Below, we outline some key principles from this perspective for addressing intestinal dysbiosis and its impact on autoimmune diseases.

1. Diet rich in prebiotic fiber and fermented foods

Prebiotics are non-digestible fibers that serve as food for the beneficial bacteria in the gut, helping to promote their growth. Foods such as asparagus, artichokes, garlic, onions, and green bananas are rich in natural prebiotics. So are carbohydrates converted into "resistant starch" (potatoes, sweet potatoes, and cooled rice). Fermented foods such as kefir, sauerkraut, kimchi, and yogurt also contain probiotics, which are beneficial bacteria that help restore the balance of the microbiota.

A study in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition showed that a diet high in fiber and fermented foods can improve gut microbial diversity, which is crucial for maintaining immune health (Makki et al., 2018).

2. Avoid ultra-processed foods and those rich in refined sugars

Ultra-processed foods, with high levels of refined sugars, trans fats, and chemical additives, have been shown to be one of the main factors that negatively affect intestinal health and, in turn, increase the risk of autoimmune diseases. This type of diet not only alters the composition of the intestinal microbiota, favoring the growth of pathogenic bacteria, but also promotes systemic inflammation, which is a key factor in the development of chronic and autoimmune diseases.

3. Incorporate healthy and anti-inflammatory fats

Healthy fats, such as those found in extra virgin olive oil, avocados, and nuts, have anti-inflammatory properties and are essential for the integrity of the intestinal barrier. Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fatty fish like salmon and sardines, also help reduce systemic inflammation and improve intestinal health.

Studies and scientific reviews such as the one published in Frontiers suggest that omega-3s can modulate the immune system and improve intestinal permeability, which could help prevent the progression of autoimmune diseases ( Frontiers in immunology, 2019 ).

5. Reduce stress and promote the mind-body connection

Chronic stress is one of the factors that most affects the gut microbiome, promoting dysbiosis and weakening immune function. Techniques such as meditation, yoga, and Breathwork can help reduce stress, improve digestive function, and protect the microbiota.

A study published in BMC Microbiology found that chronic stress can disrupt the gut-brain axis, affecting gut microbiota and increasing autoimmune responses ( Galley, JD, Nelson, MC, Yu, Z. et al. ).

Conclusion

Gut dysbiosis is a crucial factor in the onset and progression of autoimmune diseases. From the perspective of integrative nutrition and functional medicine, it is possible to intervene and prevent the development of these conditions through dietary and lifestyle changes. Choosing an anti-inflammatory diet rich in prebiotic fiber, fermented foods, healthy fats, and personalized probiotic supplementation can help restore microbiota balance and maintain a harmonious immune system.

Maintaining a holistic approach, which also includes stress management and self-care, is essential for maintaining intestinal health and, thus, preventing the potential development of autoimmune diseases.

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